This handbook analyzes:

- Factors that may compromise and interfere with the optimal functioning and management of cooling water systems.

- Treatments, including specialty chemicals, formulations, programming and pre-treatment equipment.

- Elements influencing cooling water marketing efforts as well as purchasing decisions.

CONTENTS

Introduction: Marketing Cooling Water Treatment xvii

1 Cooling System and Heat Exchange Essentials 1

1.1 Evaporative Cooling Systems 3
1.2 Notes on Some Common Types of Cooling Towers 6
1.3 Evaporation and Total Water Usage 10
1.4 Water Usage Calculations 13
1.5 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchangers 15
1.6 Heat Exchanger Waterside Inspection 20

2 Makeup Water Sources and their Impurities 23

2.1 Sources of Water for Cooling System Makeup 24
2.2 Mineral Impurities and Problems Caused 29
2.3 Dissolved Gases and other Impurities 35
2.4 Examples of Variations in Makeup Water Sources 36

3 Makeup Water Pretreatment Processes 43

3.1 Raw Water Flocculation/Clarification Pretreatment Processes 44
3.2 Notes on Chemical Precipitation Softening Processes 51
3.3 Aeration Towers for Makeup Water Pretreatment 54
3.4 Manganese Greensand Oxidation and Filtration 55
3.5 Sand, Anthracite, Multimedia, and Automatic
Self-Cleaning Water Filters 56
3.6 Ion-Exchange Softening and Blending 61
3.7 Reverse Osmosis 67
3.8 Acid Dosing 75
3.9 Pretreatment Employing Magnetic and Other Physical Devices 78

4 Corrosion, Fouling, and Deposition 85

4.1 Corrosion Chemistry 87
4.2 Types of Corrosion 94
4.3 Scales, Sludges, Inorganic Deposits, and Foulants 104
4.4 Saturation Indices 112
4.5 Microbiology and Microbiological Fouling 122
4.6 Legionellosis 132

5 Chemical Treatments and Programs for Cooling Water 137

5.1 Some Basics of Chemical Inhibitor Programs 139
5.2 Some Early Inhibitors, Deposit Control Agents, and
Cooling Water Programs 140
5.3 Some "Traditional" Cooling Water Inhibitors 148
5.4 Some "Standard" Phosphonates and Organic Polymers 152
5.5 Summary List and Examples of Phosphonates and
Organic Polymers 165
5.6 Some Cooling Water Product Formulations 169

6 Microbiological Control Programs 177

6.1 Forms of Biocides 182
6.2 Oxidizing Biocides 183
6.3 Nonoxidizing Biocides 209
6.4 Biodispersants 229
6.5 Other Forms of Microbiological Control 232

7 Buying and Selling Cooling Water Programs 235

7.1 The Basic Starting Position for Selling Cooling Water Programs 237
7.2 The Basic Starting Position for Buying Cooling Water Programs 243
7.3 Selling the Proposal 251
7.4 Notes on Some Cooling Water Program Marketing Strategies 258

8 Surveys, Inspections, and Cooling Water Program Selection 263

8.1 Surveying the Cooling Water System from a
Marketing Standpoint 265
8.2 Surveying the Cooling Water System from a Technical Standpoint 267
8.3 Survey Interpretation and Proposal Focus 285
8.4 Cooling Water Program Selection 299

9 Managing Cooling Water Programs 313

9.1 Cooling Water Program Field Services 315
9.2 Cooling Water Management and Good Housekeeping Practice 316
9.3 The Control of Legionellosis 320
9.4 Precommission Cleaning and Program Start-Up 330
9.5 On-Line (In-Service) and Off-Line Cleaning 341
9.6 Chemical Dosing and Program Control 352

10 Monitoring and Control 367

10.1 Material Balance 369
10.2 Water Sampling, Testing, and Reporting 369
10.3 Inhibitor Monitoring and Control 375
10.4 Corrosion Monitoring and Control 379
10.5 DepositionIFouling Monitoring and Control 385
10.6 Biomonitoring and Control 389
10.7 Control Using Computer Software Programs 392
10.8 Cooling Water Program Control Parameters and

Troubleshooting Guide 396
Appendix 1. Useful Data 417
Appendix 2. Glossary 427
Bibliography 451
Index 457

Other titles by author Colin Frayne:
0-8206-0371-6
Boiler Water Treatment, Principles and Practice, Vol. I
0-8206-0400-3
Boiler Water Treatment, Principles and Practice, Vol. II